The Effect of Crosslinker Ratio on the Performance of Piezoelectric Elastomers

Wen-Xian Zhang; Shun-Zhang Ni; Shi-Cheng Wei; Xiao-Li Sun; Shou-Ke Yan

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3760-0

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

The Effect of Crosslinker Ratio on the Performance of Piezoelectric Elastomers

RESEARCH ARTICLE | 更新时间：2026-10-30

- The Effect of Crosslinker Ratio on the Performance of Piezoelectric Elastomers
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 44, Pages: 1-11(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  a.State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  b.Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- 作者简介：
  
  xiaolisun@mail.buct.edu.cn
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3760-0
  CLC：
- Received：04 July 2026，
  
  Accepted：28 August 2026，
  
  Online First：29 October 2026，
  
  Published：2026-07
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
Zhang, W. X.; Ni, S. Z.; Wei, S. C.; Sun, X. L.; Yan, S. K. The effect of crosslinker ratio on the performance of piezoelectric elastomers. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3760-0

Wen-Xian Zhang, Shun-Zhang Ni, Shi-Cheng Wei, et al. The Effect of Crosslinker Ratio on the Performance of Piezoelectric Elastomers[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-11.
Zhang, W. X.; Ni, S. Z.; Wei, S. C.; Sun, X. L.; Yan, S. K. The effect of crosslinker ratio on the performance of piezoelectric elastomers. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3760-0 DOI：

Wen-Xian Zhang, Shun-Zhang Ni, Shi-Cheng Wei, et al. The Effect of Crosslinker Ratio on the Performance of Piezoelectric Elastomers[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-11. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3760-0.

摘要

Abstract

Piezoelectric elastic composites based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer filled with polar phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microspheres are fabricated. The regulatory role of the elastic polymer matrix structure on the performance of the composite

which is less concerned in previous studies

is explored. Here

we have elucidated that precise control of the PDMS crosslinked network governs the stress transfer mechanism

enabling rational design of high-performance piezoelectric composites. By tuning the crosslinker ratio

we achieve PDMS crosslinking densities ranging from 9.9×10

–6

mol·cm

–3

to 91.3×10

–6

mol·cm

–3

enhancing the output voltage of the piezoelectric composite with 10 wt% PVDF microsphere content from 5.3 V to 19.8 V. Finite element simulation attributes this enhancement to more efficient stress transfer within the elastomer matrix with higher crosslinking density

strength

ening the dipole polarization response of polar PVDF microspheres. By increasing PVDF microsphere content to 30 wt%

the composite exhibits a piezoelectric coefficient (

) of 74 pC·N

–1

and a sensitivity of 647 mV·N

–1

which are 37 and 20 times higher than unoptimized composites in this work

respectively. This work advances understanding of mechanoelectrical coupling in flexible piezocomposites and provides a platform for designing next-generation sensors for intelligent robotics and non-contact acoustic sensing.

关键词

Keywords

references

Nain, A.; Chakraborty, S.; Barman, S. R.; Gavit, P.; Indrakumar, S.; Agrawal, A.; Lin, Z. H.; Chatterjee, K. Progress in the development of piezoelectric biomaterials for tissue remodeling. Biomaterials 2024 , 307 , 122528..

Chen, S.; Tong, X.; Huo, Y.; Liu, S.; Yin, Y.; Tan, M.-L.; Cai, K.; Ji, W. Piezoelectric biomaterials inspired by nature for applications in biomedicine and nanotechnology. Adv. Mater. 2024 , 36 , 2406192..

Zhu, W.; Wu, B.; Lei, Z.; Wu, P. Piezoionic elastomers by phase and interface engineering for high-performance energy-harvesting ionotronics. Adv. Mater. 2024 , 36 , 2313127..

Hu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Rao, X.; Wang, L.; Gao, L.; Li, F.; Shen, H.; Pan, L.; Hu, B.-L. Biocompatible piezoelectric elastomer for self-powered electronics. Nano Lett. 2025 , 25 , 9646−9653..

Zhou, W.; Chen, Z.; Yuan, X.; Yu, H.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, W.; Li, X.; Zhang, X.; Cui, Z.; Fu, P.; Pang, X.; Liu, M. Self-powered wireless piezoelectric sensor based on polyamide elastomer/BaTiO 3 for machine learning-assisted human motion monitoring. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2025 , 17 , 57500−57515..

Liu, Y.; Zheng, H.; Zhao, L.; Liu, S.; Yao, K.; Li, D.; Yiu, C.; Gao, S.; Avila, R.; Chirarattananon, P.; Chang, L.; Wang, Z.; Huang, X.; Xie, Z.; Yang, Z.; Yu, X. Electronic skin from high-throughput fabrication of intrinsically stretchable lead zirconate titanate elastomer. Research 2020 , 2020 , 1085417..

Wang, Y.; Xu, B.; Li, H.; Chu, X.; Bai, X.; Li, H.; Yan, S.; Sun, X. Intrinsic ferroelectric elastomers with ultrahigh Curie temperature and fast polarization switching. Nat. Commun. 2025 , 16 , 9219..

Liu, M.; Zhang, W.; Zhao, J.; Hua, L.; Ren, Z.; Yan, S.; Sun, X. Grafting-induced conformational engineering breaks polarization barriers in PVDF for high-temperature piezoelectrics. Chem. Mater. 2026 , 38 , 1445−1456..

Chu, X.; Kang, J. Q.; Hong, Y.; Zhu, G. D.; Yan, S. K.; Wang, X. Y.; Sun, X. L. The effect of substrate on the properties of non-volatile ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE)/P3HT memory devices. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2022 , 40 , 692−699..

Chen, Z.; Wang, X.; Xu, J.; Li, H.; Su, H.; Hua, Q.; Shen, G. Bioinspired amphibious soft robotics with conformable ultrasonic array for adaptive defect mapping and terrain reconstruction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026 , 36 , e22932..

Mu, W.; Zhao, W.; Li, B.; Liu, Y.; Yin, R. A novel piezoelectric-driven and sensing soft robot. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2025 , 10 , e01142..

Bai, X.; Hou, C.; Chu, X.; Sun, X.; Yan, S. Grain-size engineering unlocks curie transition dynamics in P(VDF-TrFE). Macromolecules 2025 , 58 , 7334−7342..

Ghosh, S. K.; Pal, S.; Roy, K.; Yue, W.; Gao, Y.; Xia, F.; He, P.; Sarkar, S.; Teng, M.; Park, J.; Tsao, P.; Li, X.; Tofail, S. A. M.; Messersmith, P. B.; Lin, L. Highly responsive self-healing and degradable piezoelectric soft machines. Adv. Mater. 2025 , 37 , 2507859..

Wang, X.; Liu, Q.; Hu, X.; You, M.; Zhang, Q.; Hu, K.; Zhang, Q.; Xiang, Y. Highly stretchable lactate-based piezoelectric elastomer with high current density and fast self-healing behaviors. Nano Energy 2022 , 97 , 107176..

Wang, Z.; Tang, C.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, L.; Dong, X.; Jiang, S.; Pan, Y.; Liu, X.-J.; Zhao, H. Enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of dielectric elastomer generators via elastic energy storage and recovery. Appl. Energy 2025 , 379 , 124854..

Zhu, C.; Xue, H.; Zhou, Q.; Jiang, L.; Wu, J. Flexible lead-free cruciform piezo-arrays for implantable wireless energy harvesting on complex surfaces. J. Mater. Chem. A 2024 , 12 , 16116−16128..

Guan, X.; Xu, B.; Gong, J. Hierarchically architected polydopamine modified BaTiO 3 @P(VDF-TrFE) nanocomposite fiber mats for flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators and self-powered sensors. Nano Energy 2020 , 70 , 104516..

Sahoo, R.; Mishra, S.; Ramadoss, A.; Mohanty, S.; Mahapatra, S.; Nayak, S. K. An approach towards the fabrication of energy harvesting device using Ca-doped ZnO/PVDF-TrFE composite film. Polymer 2020 , 205 , 122869..

Zhang, H.; Jeong, C. K.; Shen, Z.; Wang, J.; Sun, H.; Jian, Z.; Chen, W.; Zhang, Y. Ultrahigh augmentation of flexible composite-based piezoelectric energy harvesting efficiency via polymer-impregnated nanoparticles network within 3D cellulose scaffold. Compos. Part B Eng. 2022 , 236 , 109813..

Kang, F.; He, H.; Guan, F.; Zhai, H.; Zhang, C.; Liu, Y.; Shen, Y.; Han, L. Enhanced self-poled output performance of flexible and mechanically robust in situ synthesized ZnO/PVDF hybrid piezoelectric composite films for human motion monitoring. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2025 , 269 , 111232..

Ramyashri, S.; Amiruddin, R.; E melyanov, A. V.; Santhosh Kumar, M. C. Development of Al foil-based flexible ZnO nanowires/PTAA hybrid piezoelectric nanogenerators. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2025 , 709 , 163818..

Yu, Q.; Ge, R.; Wen, J.; Du, T.; Zhai, J.; Liu, S.; Wang, L.; Qin, Y. Highly sensitive strain sensors based on piezotronic tunneling junction. Nat. Commun. 2022 , 13 , 778..

Glaum, J.; Hoffman, M. Electric fatigue of lead-free piezoelectric materials. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2014 , 97 , 665−680..

Liu, W.; Ren, X. Large piezoelectric effect in Pb-free ceramics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009 , 103 , 257602..

Li, J.; Chai, X.; Peng, D.; Zou, H.; Wang, X.; Yao, X. Largely enhanced electromechanical properties of BaTiO 3 -(Na 0.5 Er 0.5 )TiO 3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014 , 105 , 082901..

Koç, M. Effect of multilayer fabrication of PVDF/PZT fibers on output performance in piezoelectric nanogenerator (PEN). J. Polym. Res. 2024 , 31 , 160..

Zhang, X.; Le, M.-Q.; Zahhaf, O.; Capsal, J.-F.; Cottinet, P.-J.; Petit, L. Enhancing dielectric and piezoelectric properties of micro-ZnO/PDMS composite-based dielectrophoresis. Mater. Des. 2020 , 192 , 108783..

Zhou, Z.; Du, X.; Zhang, Z.; Luo, J.; Niu, S.; Shen, D.; Wang, Y.; Yang, H.; Zhang, Q.; Dong, S. Interface modulated 0-D piezoceramic nanoparticles/PDMS based piezoelectric composites for highly efficient energy harvesting application. Nano Energy 2021 , 82 , 105709..

Gu, B.; Pu, G.; Ding, B.; Zhang, K.; He, R.; Fan, J.; Xing, T.; Wu, J.; Yang, W. Improved interfacial bonding strength of silicone rubber/carbon fiber modified by dopamine. Polym. Compos. 2022 , 43 , 6975−6986..

Li, Y.; Yuan, J.; Xue, J.; Cai, F.; Chen, F.; Fu, Q. Towards suppressing loss tangent: effect of polydopamine coating layers on dielectric properties of core–shell barium titanate filled polyvinylidene fluoride composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2015 , 118 , 198−206..

Li, Y.; Fan, M.; Wu, K.; Yu, F.; Chai, S.; Chen, F.; Fu, Q. Polydopamine coating layer on graphene for suppressing loss tangent and enhancing dielectric constant of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/graphene composites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2015 , 73 , 85−92..

[Kang, H. B.; Han, C.-S.; Pyun, J. C.; Ryu, W. H.; Kang, C.-Y.; Cho, Y. S. (Na, K)NbO 3 nanoparticle-embedded piezoelectric nanofiber composites for flexible nanogenerators. Compos. Sci. Technol . 2015 , 111 , 1−8..

[Lakes, R. S. in Viscoelastic Solids . Boca Raton, FL, USA, CRC Press, 1999 ..

Kuelpmann, A.; Osman, M. A.; Kocher, L.; Suter, U. W. Influence of platelet aspect ratio and orientation on the storage and loss moduli of HDPE-mica composites. Polymer 2005 , 46 , 523−530..

Doddi, P. R. V.; Chanamala, R.; Dora, S. P. Effect of fiber orientation on dynamic mechanical properties of PALF hybridized with basalt reinforced epoxy composites. Mater. Res. Express 2020 , 7 , 015329..

Zhang, W.; Yang, J.; Sun, Q.; Peng, L.; Lin, T.; Yan, S.; Sun, X. Microspheres trigged-stress concentration regulating piezoelectric properties of PVDF/elastomer composites. Sci. China Chem. 2025 , 68 , 2605−2614..

Raman Venkatesan, T.; Owusu, F.; Nüesch, F. A.; Schulze, M.; Opris, D. M. Pyroelectricity in poled all-organic polar polynorbornene/polydimethylsiloxane-based stretchable electrets. J. Mater. Chem. C 2024 , 12 , 8408−8417..

Martins, P.; Lopes, A. C.; Lanceros-Mendez, S. Electroactive phases of poly (vinylidene fluoride): determination, processing and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 39 , 683−706..

Hou, C.; Zhang, W.; Dai, X.; Qiu, J.; Russell, T. P.; Sun, X.; Yan, S. Spatially confined fabrication of polar poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanotubes. Small 2022 , 18 , 2205790..

Xu, Q.; Jia, M.; Zhou, P.; Zhang, Y.; Guo, W.; Zhao, S.; Zeng, H.; Zhang, J.; Yan, M.; Jiang, S.; Zhou, K.; Zhang, D.; Bowen, C. High-performance ultrasensitive flexible piezoelectric thin film sensors via a cost-effective transfer strategy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025 , 35 , 2414211..

Jang, H.; Kim, G. H.; Jeon, D. W.; Park, H. J.; Bae, B.; Alluri, N. R.; Kim, C. M.; Baek, C.; Lee, M.-K.; Cho, S. B.; Lee, G.-J.; Park, K.-I. Long-lasting, steady and enhanced energy harvesting by inserting a conductive layer into the piezoelectric polymer. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025 , 35 , 2415501..

Han, J.; Park, S. H.; Jung, Y. S.; Cho, Y. S. High-performance piezoelectric energy harvesting in amorphous perovskite thin films deposited directly on a plastic substrate. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 4129..

Lozano, H.; Catalán, G.; Esteve, J.; Domingo, N.; Murillo, G. Non-linear nanoscale piezoresponse of single ZnO nanowires affected by piezotronic effect. Nanotechnology 2021 , 32 , 025202..

Sheridan, G. S.; Evans, C. M. Understanding the roles of mesh size, T g , and segmental dynamics on probe diffusion in dense polymer networks. Macromolecules 2021 , 54 , 11198−11208..

Zhao, Y.; Liao, Q.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, Z.; Liang, Q.; Liao, X.; Zhang, Y. High outputpiezoelectric nanocomposite generators composed of oriented BaTiO 3 NPs@PVDF. Nano Energy 2015 , 11 , 719−727..

Ghosh, S. K.; Mandal, D. Synergistically enhanced piezoelectric output in highly aligned 1D polymer nanofibers integrated all-fiber nanogenerator for wearable nano-tactile sensor. Nano Energy 2018 , 53 , 245−257..

Park, D. Y.; Joe, D. J.; Kim, D. H.; Park, H.; Han, J. H.; Jeong, C. K.; Park, H.; Park, J. G.; Joung, B.; Lee, K. J. Self-powered real-time arterial pulse monitoring using ultrathin epidermal piezoelectric sensors. Adv. Mater. 2017 , 29 , 1702308..

Lee, J.-H.; Yoon, H.-J.; Kim, T. Y.; Gupta, M. K.; Lee, J. H.; Seung, W.; Ryu, H.; Kim, S.-W. Micropatterned P(VDF-TrFE) film-based piezoelectric nanogenerators for highly sensitive self-powered pressure sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015 , 25 , 3203−3209..

Dörr, D.; Henning, F.; Kärger, L. Nonlinear hyperviscoelastic modelling of intra-ply deformation behaviour in finite element forming simulation of continuously fibre-reinforced thermoplastics. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2018 , 109 , 585−596..

Yang, J.; Chen, J.; Su, Y.; Jing, Q.; Li, Z.; Yi, F.; Wen, X.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z.-L. Eardrum-inspired active sensors for self-powered cardiovascular system characterization and throat-attached anti-interference voice recognition. Adv. Mater. 2015 , 27 , 1316−1326..

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Elastomer Doping Strategy for High-efficiency Stretchable Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Polymer Organic Light-emitting Diodes

Achieving Enhanced Optical Transparency and Low-dielectric Properties in Meta-substituted Copolyimides for Flexible Substrates

Sequence-encoded Conformation Pathways in Viscoelastic Microphase Separation of Multiblock Copolymers

Advances in Polymer-based Circularly Polarized Luminescent Materials

Molecularly Engineered Polyimide Films with Switchable Cavitation for Bidirectional Passive Thermal Regulation

Related Author

Yun-Qi Liu

Zhao Yang

Wen-Kang Shi

Zhi-Hao Shao

Zi-Han Xiong

Yi-Fan Li

Ming-Liang Zhu

Wei Wen

Related Institution

Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology

School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology

Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center

Address：Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Haidian District, 100190 Beijing, PR China Postal code：100190
Tel：15652467851 Email：cjps@iccas.ac.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备05002796号-5 京公网安备11010802024621
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰